A CLINICAL REVIEW ON CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES AFTER COVID 19 PANDEMIC

Abstract

Introduction: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a common, persistent inflammatory illness of the airways characterized by persisting respiratory symptoms and irreversible airflow limitation. Worldwide, COPD is the third leading cause of death, following ischemic heart disease and cerebrovascular illness, due to elevated morbidity and mortality rates.  Aim: Respiratory failure (RF), particularly hypercapnic respiratory failure (HRF), commonly 18 manifests in the majority of people with severe or end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Sinha Ashutosh Kumar. International Research Journal of Pharmacy, 2026,17:6:18-28. (COPD).  Methods: Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease exacerbated by Respiratory Failure (COPD+RF) exacerbates treatment challenges, leading to a diminished prognosis. Although the pathophysiology of RF in COPD remains unclear, abnormal immune activation and systemic inflammation are significant factors.